What are the differences between the two? Can one replace the other?
No they aren't interchangeable.
The 74HC541 is simply a octal tri-state buffer. It just supplies greater drive current at its outputs than is normal for a regular gate. It also separates signals from a bus.
The 74HC373 is an octal D latch. It latches the address lines from the MCU to the ROM. If you want a further explanation of why, just ask. But that's the jist of it.
So the short answer is no.